What kind of home automation system should there be?

I decided to think about what a Smart Home system should be like before I started studying existing home automation systems. With a clear mind, so to speak. From the knowledge base so far there are only industrial fire and security systems, and even attempts to automate your home using Arduino and crafts from Aliexpress.

Therefore, my thoughts will probably be greatly influenced by addressable fire alarm systems from the point of view of how it should be. And Arduino crafts from the point of view - as it should not be.

Strictly speaking, these are two different poles and home automation systems should fall somewhere between them.

The most likely functions of a home automation system.

1. Zone heating with installation of different modes.

2. Weekly daily work schedule for something.

3. Events from sensors, actuators and in real time.

4. Control scenarios with steps, delays, event conditions.

5. Security alarm.

6. Fire alarm.

7. Gas control and gas shutdown.

8. Lighting control.

9. Cross dependencies, for example, changing the heating mode depending on the arming/disarming of security sections.

10. Full or partial control from the cloud service and via SMS.

11. Mobile phone application.

12. Actuators with state monitoring.

13. Resource accounting.

14. Monitoring the status of the 220V network.

15. Control of the heating device.

Types of smart home

Centralized management system

There is a distinction between centralized and decentralized management modes.

A centralized smart home system operates on the principle of programming a node or logical node. Often he acts as a controller with output contacts. Under the object, a description of the program for coordinating the functions of controllers and actuators is given. Using a single interface, multi-tasking plans are applied with input of equipment types.

The decentralized order operates from an execution module containing a built-in microprocessor. The reliability of this mode lies in the non-volatile memory unit. In the circuit, each detector or other device operates autonomously. The advantage is that the breakdown of one device does not affect the functionality of adjacent elements and technologies.

Wired

Control modules are connected to a single cable bus, through which they send and receive commands and interact with switchboard elements. The wire is a coaxial cable or twisted pair. Wired communication is more reliable compared to wireless technologies.

The speed of information transfer is high and does not cause discomfort to residents. For wired transmission there is a choice of control elements with different functionality, design and a variety of connecting circuits. The cable network allows you to organize complex scenarios of interaction between control, monitoring and executive components.

Wireless

Wireless system is easier to install

Commands are transmitted via radio signals; the absence of wires saves space, installation time, and material resources. The advantage is that the system is installed at the dacha, in a house or apartment after final finishing and does not require laying additional cables. Battery operated switches can be placed anywhere.

A project is not drawn up for the smart home wireless circuit. In wooden buildings, the weak ability of wood to transmit radio signals is taken into account. There are plenty of budget smart home wireless circuits on sale that perform basic functions and provide user comfort.

Minus - depending on the quality of communication and the need to regularly replace nutrients. In this mode, transmitters are used that receive energy from the electrical network; a wire with a zero is pulled for them.

Requirements for a home automation system.

1. It must be a self-sufficient device - a device or a controller.

2. All scenarios must run inside the central device.

3. Basic functions must be specified using bindings, settings and options.

4. It is desirable to be able, in parallel with the main basic functions, to execute a program in a programming language, such as in the Esmi MCOX module (the cost of which, for a minute, is 100,000), in order to implement any functionality.

5. It must be possible to connect control and display panels.

6. There must be a WEB interface for control and configuration from the tablet directly.

7. Cloud service for monitoring and management via the Internet.

8. RS485 bus for connecting expansion modules, keyboards, controllers, communicators.

9. Address communication line with power supply through it for connecting different addresses with one wire.

10. Possibility of connecting radio sensors.

11. Possibility of connecting capacious input and output modules.

12. A choice of communicators: GPRS, Wi-Fi or LAN.

13. I’m not sure that integration with video is needed, but I have seen it in some systems.

14. Also not sure about the need for support, for example Z-Wave.

15. The cost of a basic home automation system should fit within the monthly income of a Russian family of 40,000 rubles.

It is clear that such a system does not exist.

But, as will be shown below, its existence is quite possible.

Where can we expect such a home automation system to appear?

Normal price and system performance can only be ensured by mass production of components. But a home automation system cannot be widespread enough from a Russian manufacturer for Russian buyers.

Therefore, the emergence of a home automation system can be expected either from abroad, or as a branch of systems with mass production of non-home automation equipment.

A home automation system may appear purely as an intellectual product (add-on application) as a result of the torment of enthusiasts or as a gift from Big Brother.

Or as a side effect of an intellectual product that is already in use.

It is also possible that such a successful idea or technical solution will emerge that all manufacturers will immediately rush to implement this particular solution.

For Athos this is too much, and for the Count de La Fère too little.

Foreign home automation systems.

With the current exchange rate of bibariks to normal money, I won’t even consider this option. A foreign home automation system will be more expensive than the automation item itself.

Home automation, as a special case of an industrial automation system.

There are many manufacturers of modular programmable logic controllers, but the closest one comes to home automation systems is OWEN. Thanks to the OwenCloud cloud service and the visual programming environment, our requirements become feasible. Moreover, there are already implemented projects: the “Smart Home” system based on the OWEN PLC160 controller.

We will already get the necessary functionality by purchasing the following devices at a minimum:

PR200 programmable relay with display 5760r .

PE210 network gateway for accessing the OwenCloud RS-485 Ethernet service 3600r .

But to create home automation, we will have to become even more of a programming specialist. Every small home automation task will take a lot of time to solve.

Do-it-yourself “smart home”: choosing system components

What will a Smart Home be based on? The market offers many ready-made solutions, devices and software. Tvema decided to go his own way, and here's why.

tvema

Ready-made home automation solutions from Russian integrators.

In this case, a “Russian manufacturer” of ready-made solutions means a system integrator who creates a program for a tablet, a program for a PLC, and rules for integrating equipment—the same PLC with peripherals.

Examples: EasyHome, EasySmartBox.

The cost of central PLC equipment + programs + tablet will start from 60,000 rubles.

In essence, a Russian manufacturer of smart homes is an installation organization that wants to somehow get money for commissioning.

Software platforms that combine various equipment into a single system.

The system integrator offers a software platform (cloud service) for combining various equipment from different manufacturers into a single system. In essence, the integrator is promoting the global integration program with its weight.

The system integrator himself can only produce a gateway for connecting equipment to his server, and this is not necessary - the equipment can be connected as he or she wishes.

The following global automation systems are well-known: Google Home, Amazon Alexa, Yandex Alice, Rostelecom Smart Home, IFTTT.

Equipment manufacturers are already forced to build into their products support for the systems of global integrators, because when choosing, for example, a Wi-Fi thermostat, the buyer will look at whether it supports Google Home.

Sellers on AliExpress, without bothering, immediately display support for everything on their Wi-Fi product.

The devices I reviewed in the review of WiFi thermostats all have the declared (not actually working) ability to integrate with Google Home, Amazon Alexa, IFTTT.

As far as I understand, in such a global automation system there is no controller and all scenarios are carried out on the integrator’s server.

That is, if the Internet goes out or the system integrator fails, smart devices will turn into ordinary products at best, and into plastic at worst.

A paranoid scenario, of course - in the last post-apocalyptic films that I watched, there was light and the Internet worked, even despite the zombies scurrying everywhere.

But nevertheless, Telegram is blocked for me.

Rostelecom has gone the furthest among system integrators and charges a subscription fee for devices connected to its smart home. Maybe I misunderstood something in the tariffs, but for each sensor you need to pay 250 rubles per month.

That is, if you get tired of paying every month, then the controller from Rostelecom will turn into a pumpkin. Probably all those who use communication channels will follow the path of Rostelecom.

There are two paths of movement for system integrators.

And they see the ideal end of their journey as follows: either even a vacuum cleaner will spy on you or you will pay for every time the light is turned on in the toilet

Power and lighting control system functions

The system can operate in the following modes:

Control of operating modes of climate control equipment and lighting levels in rooms , depending on the presence of people in them, time of year or day. Light control in walk-through areas. Provides possible savings of up to 40% on electricity;
Simulating the presence of hosts (security function), in case of their long-term absence of owners. The system turns on the light at a certain period of time, giving strangers the feeling that someone is in the house;
Power balancing. Automatic shutdown of some electrical consumers when there is insufficient power. When balancing power, special signal-controlled circuit breakers are used;
Control of light design indoors and outdoors (light scenarios combined with user actions);
Uninterruptible and emergency power supply management , automatic reserve input, generator start;
Automatic voltage stabilization system and network quality control .

Xiaomi similar smart homes.

This is the case when the equipment manufacturer itself becomes a system integrator, using a huge circulation of its equipment.

And it's not just Xiaomi. Samsung followed the same path when promoting its SmartThings.

Surely every self-respecting smartphone manufacturer has something similar. It would be a sin for large manufacturers not to try to jump on the Smart Home train.

Huawei, with its “Smart City” and “Friendly Home” concepts, has greatly slowed down something - apparently Big Brother gave it a hard blow in the forehead for sacrilege with its own OS.

Xiaomi smart home is very popular. A huge selection of not very expensive household devices that can also be ordered on AliExpress. A radio channel addressable temperature sensor costs only 900 rubles.

The devices are easily integrated into a Xiaomi smart home, but this smart home does not work without a Chinese server. The Xiaomi hub can only execute the most basic scenarios locally.

In one article I read this:

This is an important point in the program that is worth paying attention to. Select Mainland China. If you choose a different location, there will be problems connecting devices. This is justified by the fact that many devices were developed and tested exclusively for the Chinese domestic market and should not work in other places.

In general, you can’t do without problems with these exciting toys.

It is worth noting that some Xiaomi devices use the common ZigBee protocol and can be used in other systems that support ZigBee. Huawei is also going to use the ZigBee and Z-Wave protocol.

Here is an up-to-date Excel table of all Xiaomi devices with links to products in the AliExpress store.

After looking at this table, I realized that “Smart Home” and “Home Automation” are different things.

Smart home servers

Majordomo

Majordomo project website Advantages:

Focused mainly on the former USSR, because support in Russian.
PHP is familiar to many.
There are many modules focused on services and hardware available in the ex-USSR.
There are images for Raspberry Pi
Multiplatformer: Linux-Windows-ARMs

Flaws

Installing according to the instructions does not always give results, even if you have rearranged the system a hundred times before.
The Raspberry image has some modules that the author of the image installed before creating the image...
The base for the system is deployed via PHP MyAdmin...
Some modules have not been supported for a long time, some are crookedly written and can drive the processor under 100% load, despite the fact that they seem to receive some information only once an hour...
"Protection? What protection?! A smart home should not have access from the Internet!”

Home Assistant

pros

It's easy to install.
Out of the box it immediately picks up both MiHome devices and those with ESPHome firmware.
Quite flexible customization of logic without programming as such.
Multiplatformer: Windows, Lin, Arms

Minuses

I was tense with the documentation, especially in Russian.
The concept of configuration files is a bit annoying at first.
There are no modules tailored for Yandex weather, exchange rates and some “local” services, or I haven’t found them yet...

Almost or completely free or open source home automation server software.

The user downloads a free application and installs it on a single-board computer at hand, most likely a Raspberry Pi - the result is a smart home server.

You can connect any devices whose operating protocol is supported by the smart home server to the periphery of a single-board computer.

And the smart home server supports many protocols, thanks to installed extensions. You can connect protocol adapters, such as ZigBee and Z-Wave, via USB or a special expansion card.

The server has a convenient WEB interface, and possibly a mobile application.

Most likely, software manufacturers also provide a cloud service for integration with a smart home server.

There are many such solutions. There is a product of one person, and there are entire communities.

The most common: Openhab, HomeAssistant, ioBroker. Well and briefly described by an enthusiast of one person's system Lazyhome.

Lazyhome generally runs on Arduino Mega 2560 or Arduino DUE.

You can also add Domoticz, iot.mozilla, MajorDoMo and Arduino Mega Server, intraHouse Lite.

There are probably many more.

As an example of what it is - Instructions for connecting the Beok Wi-Fi thermostat from AliExpress to MajorDoMo.

This version of the home automation system meets the established requirements, if you forget about the fact that time is money.

Activities of enthusiasts.

Here the product is born from a hobby.

As a result of creative search, solutions appear that can be repeated by others, bypassing the stage of search and torment.

This is a controller or central device made of ready-made components with a set of peripheral devices or recommendations for the use of common peripheral devices.

As software, we often offer a choice of proven options from the previous paragraph - free, cheap or open source software for home automation.

Lazyhome.

Here we offer both a controller and software for joint use with it: Lazyhome.

One of the options for the central device Lighthub Shield V2.0 costs only 900 rubles.

1M.

An interesting solution is the Ukrainian project 1M, the main products of which are free software Kernel 1-M CORE and Nanoserver 1M NS1011 for a symbolic price.

The 1-M CORE core is integrated into various devices and a central Smart Home controller is obtained.

For example, the 1-M Core software update (package) from 1-M Smart Home, which turns the Keenetic serial router into a central home automation controller.

1-M Smart Home involves working with third-party devices, but there are several proprietary devices.

Works both locally and through the cloud.

Prices on the website are in hryvnias or dollars.

Nanoserver 1M NS1011 can be used as a central device of the system for 700 UAH.

Relay 1M Relay200WC-220 (2 inputs 2 outputs) 800 UAH.

SONOFF BASIC (with 1M firmware) 280 UAH.

Gateway 1M Gate100-5. Converts one type of connection (WiFi) to another (RF, IR) and vice versa. Communication with the central controller of the Smart Home via WiFi. 800 UAH

1ST CLOUD is paid and costs $2 or $5 per month.

KaScada.

Noteworthy is the activity of an enthusiast in creating the KaScada project, which, using the Android application, turns any tablet into a HIM control panel with a cloud service for OWEN programmable relays.

In addition to the HIM panel application itself, there is the Cascada Cloud cloud service, as well as gateways for this cloud service, implemented for Owen and Arduino equipment.

It will be very difficult for enthusiasts to compete with the smart home options discussed above. The latest news from 1-M Smart Home dates back to April 2021.

Russian manufacturers of controllers and peripheral equipment for smart homes.

The boundary between enthusiasts and industrial producers in Russian conditions is fluid and the division into points 7 and 8 may be conditional.

MegaD.

A block-modular approach is used and a large selection of Smart Home modules and components of our own production is offered.

The MegaD-2561 controller can work autonomously (without a server).

Some free open platforms can be used as server software.

We have our own server software: Demo interface.

A controller with a real-time clock MegaD-2561-RTC costs 4160 rubles.

WIRENBOARD.

WIREN BOARD 6 costs 14850 rub.

Works with several cloud services.

MegaD-2561 is the first product for home automation that I wanted to buy - this, in my opinion, is the most promising developments.

Wiren Board 6, although it costs 3 times more, is a device of a different level. And if such functionality is assembled on MegaD blocks, it will not be cheaper.

Smart home technologies

In other words, this technology is a home automation system. This is a set of electrical appliances that are capable of making independent decisions and carrying out monotonous daily household chores. In general, smart control systems are a set of a huge number of technologies that can be combined based on the needs of the residents of the house. The area and number of users also influence the choice of a Smart Home concept. For a private home, smart automatic gates and doors are relevant, while for a single apartment, modules with microcontrollers are built into multicookers, lighting and other household electrical appliances.

The main components of a smart home are:

sensors that analyze environmental conditions;
hub, or central controller, processing data and making decisions;
electrical appliances that perform various household tasks.

Lighting control systems

Lighting of the local area and living space includes a complex of mechanisms and equipment. This allows you to select any operating modes. The following parameters are available to the user: light notification of events, programming “light scenarios” to highlight certain interior items, and creating algorithms for reading, cooking dinner and other events. Switching light sources from energy-saving lamps to natural lighting is carried out by automating curtains, blinds or shutters.

Smart light bulbs are equipped with the option to change brightness depending on environmental conditions. Also, to save energy, built-in motion detectors turn on the lights only in the presence of people. You can also turn lights on and off using voice commands received by your smartphone.

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems

The creation of comfortable conditions is ensured by heating radiators and an air conditioning system, which are combined into a single smart home complex. For stable operation, they work independently of other Smart Home elements. This allows you to continue to create an ideal microclimate in the event of failures of other types of equipment.

Built-in microcontrollers allow the smart home system to:

lower the temperature to a comfortable level in the summer;
automatically regulate humidity levels using humidifiers, dehumidifiers and ionizers;
provide fresh air flow through air conditioners, fan coil units and fans.

Security systems

Modern smart security systems allow you to protect home residents from intruders, plumbing failures and other unfavorable situations. For example, to automate the operation of water supply systems, modern shut-off valves are installed on them, which shut off the water when all residents of the house are at work or on vacation, as well as when leaks are detected. This will save money on repairs to the premises and on compensation for damage to neighbors on the floor below. Smart locks will automatically open the doors for the home owner. Having detected smoke, the smart home will automatically launch the smoke removal and fire extinguishing system. Sensors for opening doors or window sashes in the event of unauthorized access by strangers will call security and other services.

Surveillance systems

The user can control everything that happens in the house using video intercoms, cameras and sensors. The device can receive a constant video stream via an Internet connection or periodic remote notifications.

Sensors

The functioning of the smart home system is carried out due to commands received by the central controller from the user or from sensors. The built-in control program transmits signals to the equipment to turn on at a certain time according to the schedule, or independently selects the operating mode, relying on sensor readings.

For example, data from a thermometer allows you to adjust the operation of the heating system and air conditioning. And also, if the sensors detect unauthorized activity in the house, the smart home will recognize this as a signal to trigger an alarm or send a notification to the security service. Indicators of leaks, smoke, movement, and thermostats are installed as sensors.

Home automation using addressable security system equipment.

All the letters above were an introduction. Now let's get to the point.

Indeed, ]addressable equipment for addressable security and fire alarm systems[/anchor] have large volumes of production of all kinds of sensors, controllers, interfaces, etc. and they have engineers, laboratories, developments - who better than them to produce home automation equipment.

Even though the boards and sensor housings were ordered in China, these are Russian developers.

I think that such a strict regulatory framework for fire automatics exists precisely to support our own manufacturers of engineering systems.

In the context under consideration, three addressable systems out of a dozen addressable alarm systems discussed earlier may be of interest - Bolid, Rubezh, Astra.

The central controllers of these systems cost up to 10,000 rubles.

Addressable wired I/O devices cost about 500 rubles, addressable sensors cost about 1000 rubles.

Radio channel sensors from 1500 rub.

Capacity expanders for system functions start from 2500 rubles - and these are full-fledged devices containing many inputs or outputs.

But there is no way to organize home automation. Even the light in the chicken coop cannot be controlled by time.

Bolid address system and home automation.

It would seem that there is a bunch of all kinds of equipment: fire alarms, burglar alarms, resource accounting, access control - why not put together a home automation system.

But no. All subsystems can be combined into a single whole using an automated workstation on a personal computer using an OPC server.

And all that remains is to lick your lips, looking at the cheapest addressable temperature and humidity sensor, knowing that there is no way to use it. The S2000M controller could only display the temperature value, but what are you talking about - an ordinary person cannot even relieve an alarm using this controller.

With the advent of the S2000-T technology controller, the situation has become a little better. It has become possible to use the technological controller to solve local home automation problems.

But the price is 11,000 rubles... With the “one task - one controller” , this is too expensive.

No network work and no monitoring using a mobile application and cloud service.

And no normal scripts in the controller.

Recently a thermohygrometer with a radio channel indicator began to be sold:

Unfortunately, the buttons do not regulate the temperature as we would like.

Rubezh address system and home automation.

With the Rubezh-2OP device everything is just fine with scenarios - every time I discover something new for myself.

But there is no way to use system time in scripts.

And there is no periphery.

Radio channel equipment cannot be used in the same system with address equipment - all equipment has split into three incompatible subsystems: R3, Globol, Alexa.

It didn’t work out with remote monitoring either.

We can monitor the temperature in the room where the thermal fire sensor is installed. That's all.

The device complies with fire regulations so much that no one will be able to control anything with it. Except for specially trained people.

Over the course of 5 years, having completely changed the operating protocol of the equipment three times, nothing was achieved in terms of non-fire alarm systems. Of course, the squeezed Bolide is a sacred task. But it has been resolved and it’s time to take on a new goal.

Astra address system and home automation.

You can connect an entire addressable security and management system based on the Astra-812 Pro device to the Security Hub cloud service.

This device costs only 6385 rubles .

It is already possible to connect native (!) radio channel sensors to the device, and with the use of expanders - contact and address sensors. The device communicates with the cloud service using GPRS or LAN.

Based on this equipment, it is already possible to create a semblance of a smart home, which is closer to our requirements than others. At least this follows from the advertising brochures of the Astra Smart Home.

I would like to note an interesting feature of the radio channel sensors of the Astra system. The temperature value can be obtained and used in the scenario not only from temperature sensors, but also from motion sensors and fire sensors.

Mobile application for home automation

The Smart Home control system is available from mobile applications (iOS, Android), voice commands (Siri, Google Assistant, Alexa, Yandex.Alice), from desktop or wall-mounted touch panels and switches. The functionality of each button is specified by the script and can be changed at the request of the customer at any time.

Lighting control

Intelligent lighting of the Smart Home system – ergonomic control of building lighting scenarios.

Turning on/off light from any room with an unlimited number of lamps in the building;
Adjusting the brightness of lamps (dimming);
Reproduction of pre-set light scenarios (depending on the presence of a person in the room, time of day - for example, “evening”, year - “winter”, illumination);
Providing energy-saving lighting mode on holidays, or in conditions of over-consumption.

Security system Smart Smart home

The Smart Home security system is a set of functions to ensure the comfort of your life. These include: security and fire alarms, access control, status of engineering subsystems, video surveillance, etc. The current state of protected areas is monitored by wired and wireless sensors (for example, window, door, motion, smoke sensors). If the sensor detects a threat of fire, the structure decides to turn off the power by sending a message to the security console. In the event of an unauthorized intrusion, an alarm signal is transmitted to the security console, and a sound and light alarm is activated.

Building access control (biometric access, Bluetooth access, NFC, retinal scanner, audio or video intercom);
Control of unauthorized access to the premises;
Video surveillance outside the building and indoors;
Specialized monitoring and automatic elimination of failures in the operation of engineering systems (fire extinguishing, ventilation).

Information Security

Protection against wiretapping;
Suppression of recording media;
GSM signal suppression;
Acoustic vibration dampers;
Data protection;
Automatic activation during meetings and negotiations

Uninterruptible power supply system Smart Smart home

The Smart Home system is the interaction of technically complex technology and engineering equipment.
To guarantee its stable operation, it is important to provide a continuous and high-quality power supply. The main function of the uninterruptible power supply system of a Smart Home is to ensure the functionality of electronic equipment when the main power supply is turned off. Sign up for the Showroom

Home automation from monitoring system manufacturers.

In this context, we are interested in two manufacturers out of many manufacturers of monitoring and control devices with cloud service.

These systems come as close as possible to the ability to solve home automation problems among all systems designed for monitoring.

There is an expansion bus and a certain range of network devices.

There are radio channel sensors and not only fire and security alarms.

There is a cloud service and in the ideology of the systems there is a place for the words “smart home”.

Rhythm Contact.

Navigard.

Theoretically, the equipment of these systems can be used to create something for a specific task.

Smart Home Scenarios

To increase comfort, the Smart Home automatic control system can have a set of standard “scenarios” with preset settings. Lighting, sockets, security systems and climate control systems, multimedia, telecommunications are connected into one home automation complex, which allows you to control and change conditions together. These settings are determined and programmed during the home automation installation phase. There are many home automation scenarios:

"Everyone is home"
"Nobody here"
"Morning"
"Evening"
"Home cinema"
"Journey"
"Party"

Home automation as an extension to an already used cloud service.

While studying cloud services for the articles Review of thermostat models with WiFi and cloud service and Review of cloud services from manufacturers of security and IoT devices, I drew attention to several promising services.

The platforms seem to be tailored for one specific task, but what prevents you from adding functionality to systems that are already in demand.

Zont-online allows you to add devices for various purposes: car monitoring, climate control, security, home automation control - that’s not bad.

SST-cloud allows you to manage and monitor only two types of devices: water leakage control and room thermostat. But it is possible to add devices from at least three manufacturers: Open API - and any manufacturer can use it.

my.terneo - only thermostats and only one manufacturer, but stable operation and all the most unusual functions are taken into account.

Joint efforts.

As we can see, if we hypothetically combine the advantages of at least two systems discussed above, we will get the system we need.

We have already seen the combination of the Ritm Contact monitoring system and the Rubezh addressable fire alarm system to successfully solve the problem of Remote monitoring of the status of the Rubezh addressable system. All that was needed was to develop the Rubezh UOO-TL interface device.

You can also see that many manufacturers do not come up with their own radio channel system, but add low-level support for Astra-RI M radio channel sensors to their systems, as if they were native ones.

Bolide began producing the S2000-PP protocol converter for working via ModBUS with third-party devices and even began to integrate it into the S2000-KDL.

And Xiaomi creates universal devices with the ZigBee protocol.

Z-Wave and the like.

And this is a successful example of both a successful Idea and successful joint efforts.

Z-Wave is simply a protocol designed for home automation devices to communicate over a radio network.

And there is more than one such protocol. The ZigBee protocol has already been mentioned.

Any manufacturer can join the Z-Wave Alliance and has the right to use the patented Z-Wave protocol.

This is such a successful protocol that at the moment the Z-Wave Alliance unites more than 700 members.

A large selection of central controllers for 5000r-50000r and a huge selection of compatible devices.

The cheapest controllers are simply device gateways to a cloud server. The most expensive ones contain all the functionality.

The buyer chooses the balance he needs.

Or a smart home that will delight you. Or a controller that will teach programming languages. Delightful controllers cost starting from 25,000 rubles.

It is possible to turn any computer, even a single-board one, into a smart home server with Z-Wave support by inserting a USB Z-Wave adapter into it and installing special software.

There is a RaZberry expansion board for the popular single-board computer Raspberry Pi for 6,000 rubles.

There is a Z-Uno expansion board for Arduino 3600r, which allows you to create your own Z-Wave device.

The price of a simple Z-Wave device starts from 3500 rubles. You can find them on AliExpress for 1800 rubles, but I don’t know what kind of devices they are.

Devices more complex than a socket or switch are already expensive.

The Z-Wave room thermostat costs RUB 7,650.

The joint efforts of many manufacturers have led to the fact that a smart home based on the Z-Wave platform almost meets my requirements. Except for the price and the complete lack of wired devices.

Having briefly familiarized myself with ZigBee, I concluded that this protocol is not so widespread, but it is already mentioned in the context of industrial automation systems.

What is "Smart Home"

A “Smart Home” (from English smart home) refers to the automated concept of any home devices that are capable of performing a variety of everyday household tasks without the direct participation of household members. In other words, the system eliminates many routine tasks, taking full control of the processes.

In short, such a house or city apartment is, first of all:

Impeccable comfort
Multifunctionality
Energy efficiency

Smart automation can be used for offices, warehouses, hotels in order to save energy resources through flexible management of lighting sources, increasing the level, protecting objects, maintaining optimal temperature conditions, etc.

According to technical capabilities, a smart home project comes in two modifications:

Wired. It has increased reliability, convenient operation, and a high degree of resistance to interference. The necessary information is transmitted at lightning speed over any distance, and there is the possibility of feedback. The only drawback is the complex installation process. Connecting and expanding functionality requires the help of a qualified electrician. The cost of a wired smart home is an order of magnitude higher than a wireless system
Wireless. It features an easy installation process and good quality of services provided. Works based on mobile devices (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, apple, home), as well as other similar extensions. The technical characteristics are inferior to the wired version: the range of action is limited, the transmitters are highly vulnerable to interference, and are easily hacked by hackers

The most convenient in terms of operation is a wireless system based on Z-Wave. This variation of the smart grid is adopted as the European standard. Manufacturers of equipment for smart home systems produce their products based specifically on Z-Wave technology.